Sign In. Open in App Create free Account. Search for:. Get Pass Pass. Home » English Grammar. Download Post as PDF. Table of Contents. Word Meaning Synonym Antonym Sentence Abrogate revoke Formally Abolish, renage approve, permit The judge would not abrogate the law Acerbic especially of a comment or style of speaking sharp and forthright. Aesthetic Concerned with beauty or the appreciation of beauty Beautiful ,Artistic Ugly , Unattractive The pictures give great aesthetic pleasure.
Afflicting Cause or become hurt annoy, rack, grieve Aid, delight All sorts of irregularities and violation of regulations seem to afflict the system. Allure Appeal attraction, charm, glamor repulsion The allure of the stage drew him back to acting. Alms Money or goods contributed to the poor dole, donation, assistance hindrance, injury She stopped, gave him an alms and then continued on her way. Altercation Noisy quarrel, a loud argument or disagreement wrangle, embroilment, rumble concord, harmony, peace He got into an altercation with his partner.
Amiss Away from the correct or expected course untoward, haywire, awry proper, suitable, good Miss Bennet would not play at all amiss if she practised more Antagonise Cause Problem Anger, offend Aid, make happy It is death to those who antagonize it, and it is death to them that uphold it.
Apostate Traitor Backslider, defector, deserter adherent, loyalist, faithful after fifty years as an apostate he returned to the faith Astound Shock or greatly surprise Stun, Stagger Bore, Annoy Her bluntness astounded him Atrocious Shockingly brutal or cruel outrageous; condemned, scandalous magnificent, inoffensive, wonderful Murder is an atrocious crime Attenuate Reduced in strength constrict, cripple, enfeeble amplify, intensify, stretch The attenuate tones of an old recording Attuned adjust accommodate, accustom, accord disagree, refuse You will understand the accent better as your ears become more attuned.
Blithe Happy Carefree, jaunty, joyful depressed, worried, sad She had a blithe disregard of cultures outside the United States. Boisterous Noisy and lacking in restraint or discipline vociferate, clamorous, uproarious subdued, solemn, moderate He has a dozen brothers, each of which are as boisterous and rather dim-witted as the next Brazenly honestly, in an obvious way, with no effort to hide something publically, candidly incompletely, secretly But comparatively few realize how great were the fears, and how brazenly the prophecies were spoken.
Brouhaha uproar, a lot of noise or angry complaining about something fracas, to-do peace There was a big brouhaha when the town council decided to close the park. Cc Word Meaning Synonym Antonym Sentence Cachet An indication of approved or superior status prestige, stature, design anonymity, analogy, infiltrate People want to go to see events which have the cachet of being broadcast. Captivate Attract, enchant beguile, gratify, draw Offend, pain, depress With her beauty and charm, she captivated film audiences everywhere.
Churlish crude rude, uncivilised happy, nice, refined His is no churlish spirit to turn away from the good things kind Heaven has provided for man. Cohort partner in activity companion, comrade, disciple enemy, foe, opponent The cohort on duty was drawn up under arms at the palace gates Colloquy A conversation especially a formal one parley, conference, clambake quiet, silence They could scarcely have spoken a hundred words before their colloquy was at an end.
Colossal very large Enormous, immense Little, miniscule The Frankish chief who stood before me was a man of colossal stature. Covenant A formal agreement between two or more parties to perform or not perform some action promise, convention, bargain disagreement, misunderstanding, denial The contract contained a restrictive covenant against building on the land. Dd Word Meaning Synonym Antonym Sentence Deceit practice of misleading Fraud, duplicity fairness, honesty Love and deceit, troubles and rewards are as ageless as the heavens.
Deference A courteous expression by word or deed of esteem or regard obedience, compliance, yielding dishonour, disregard, noncompliance His deference to her wishes was very flattering Detrimental Tending to cause harm Harmful , Hurtful Harmless, Beneficial Recent policies have been detrimental to the interests of many old people Dialectic Logical, rational analytic, controversial, persuasive illogical, irrational He not only wrote on dialectics and logic, but also on physics in its various departments.
Dilapidate Demolish, Deface deform, distort, destroy Build , construct, adorn On the east of the town at the foot of a hill stands a dilapidated fort. Dilatory Slow or wasting time procrastinating, lax, dallying diligent, eager, zealous No dilatory motion, or dilatory amendment, or amendment not germane shall be in order.
Discerning Discriminating Astute, knowing idiotic, ignorant The keen visions of these birds are not slow in discerning through the gloomy recesses the presence of danger. Dispensation allocation of supply favour, indulgence, kindness denial, veto This is your generation, this is your dispensation, this is your wisdom.
Dissident Characterized by departure from accepted beliefs or standards heterodox, discordant, nonconformist agreeing, confirming Union dissidents have challenged the leadership of the current president. In its first stanza, he wonders whether it was the day he turned eleven or when he realised that heaven and hell could not be found in a map and therefore did not exist.
In the second stanza, the poet ponders that maybe he lost his childhood innocence the day he realised that adults are hypocrites - they talk of love but do not act lovingly or kindly. The poet speculates that maybe he lost his childhood innocence because he understood finally that his mind is his own, capable of unique thoughts and can be used in whichever way he chose to.
Unit 7. The Adventure. Its main character is a history professor Gangadharpant Gaitonde who has arrived at a parallel India where Marathas won the battle of Panipat, and the East India Company was still ruling. He went to a library to learn more about these incidents that took place in this parallel world. As the library was closing, the professor slipped a book into his pocket and left. He checked into a guestroom for a night.
After dinner, he met with an accident and lost consciousness. When he opened his eyes, he saw Rajendra Deshpande in front of him. He was amazed when the professor told him what happened and stated two theories could explain what happened to him — Catastrophe theory and lack of determinism in Quantum theory. Unit 8. Silk Road. The piece in Hornbill textbook PDF is taken from a travelogue by the writer detailing his experiences of when he went to Mount Kailash for Kora or pilgrimage.
His trip took him along the ancient trade route known as the silk route after which this travelogue has been named. Along his way, the author met nomad shepherds tending to their flock and their tents guarded by Tibetan mastiffs. The roads were slippery with sharp turns. Atmospheric pressure also dropped. When they reached Darchen, which was dusty and sparsely populated, the author experienced blocked nose and breathing trouble because of high altitude.
He and Norbu decided to go for it together. The heavy suitcases are mine. My eyes are green. Ana visited my mother. When qualifying more than one noun, they agree with 9 the nearest: este homem this man 1 2 esta mulher this woman 3 esses homens e mulheres those men and women 4 5 aquelas mulheres e homens those women and men 6 7 8 5.
In these cases, the 9 pronoun quem takes the verb in the third person singular: 1 Foste tu quem contou o meu segredo! Which colour do you prefer? Who is that? To whom did you give the necklace? Whose car is that? The main difference between these two interrogative pronouns is that que is usually followed by a noun but qual never is: 3 4 Que cor preferes? What colour do you prefer? Which is your favourite colour? How much is this dress? How many oranges did you eat? How are you?
Where is the toilet? Viste algum? Have you seen any of them? It never precedes 7 isto, isso, aquilo. I ate the whole cake.
It is never used before a noun, but can 9 precede isto, isso, aquilo. He already knew all that. I ate everything on the table. The e which is part of the tens group does not count. In Portuguese, however, the decimal point 6 is replaced by a decimal comma.
When reading them, use an ordinal up to 5 and including IX and a cardinal from X onwards. It is intended for reference only; 5 the following pages give full conjugations for all tenses. What are you doing? I am reading the paper. There are many poor children.
Whereas in English this tense is more of an aspect or refers to a state of completion following an action, in Portuguese it has the function 1 of a progressive tense describing an action or a process going on over some 2 length of time.
I have been studying very hard. I have been going to the theatre. The Present Perfect expresses an action which began in the past, has 8 been developing over a period of time and may or may not continue into 9 the future see 7. Indicative 2 Whenever I saw your father I would ask him about you.
Do you think it is Filipe? Will it have stopped raining? Who might have broken this glass? She will write me a letter. She would write it to me. In English, the Subjunctive mood usually expresses a hypothetical 4 situation. There are set circumstances, verbs and phrases that require its use.
It is also linked to the idea of commands, 6 wishing, feeling and necessity. It normally appears in subordinate or 7 dependent clauses. It is a pity that she is ill. The verb in the main clause can be in 2 the Imperfect Indicative or in the Preterite, and each instance changes the 3 meaning of the sentence: 4 5 a The Imperfect in the main clause is used for actions referring to a 6 present or future situation, or even to a habitual situation in the past 7 as explained in 7.
Help me, if you can. You can do whatever you wish. In all other cases, including the negative, 3 commands are expressed by forms borrowed from the Present Subjunctive. This is not the case with irregular verbs 7 e. Who opened the door — did 8 they or did I?
Who has to translate it today? I am working. I am studying Portuguese. He is leaving tomorrow. They are staying three days. Travelling by plane is expensive. In principle, all 1 sentences in the Active Voice can be replaced by an equivalent with the verb in the Passive Voice. The preference is determined by matters of style 3 and emphasis, just like in English.
For that reason, some of the examples 4 below may seem somewhat strange to a native speaker. They are provided 5 here merely as an illustration. Auxiliary 2 We must go shopping. They are usually related to nature: 8 amanhecer to dawn relampejar to lighten 9 anoitecer to grow dark saraivar to hail 1 chover to rain trovejar to thunder 3 chuviscar to drizzle ventar to storm 4 nevar to snow 5 6 7 7.
There are two groups of 2 defective verbs. May I sit here? Can I sit here? She works a lot. He eats too much. Little is known of this composer. What a lively party! She cried desperately. He arrived today. Today I want to stay here. She had never done that. There is no bread. You sing very well. She lives very near. She plays and I study. She plays but I study. She plays, I study. Eu estudo. She plays. I study. Subordinating 2 I know more now than I knew a few years ago.
B 3 I need to go to the supermarket. It takes a verb in 5 the third person singular: 6 7 Aonde vai aquela gente toda? It can be used with isto, 8 isso and aquilo but never with a noun: 9 Tens que comer tudo.
You must eat everything. You must eat it all. This landscape is so pretty! He got so many presents! I like that dress so much! Are you going tomorrow? Is there still some bread left? No, there is none anymore.
Is there already some bread? No, there is none yet. B She phoned me and wrote me a letter. B She had written me a letter. B She will write me a letter. B She would write me a letter. Portuguese 4 usage 5 6 My car is white. He was very rushed. She felt very bad. He left suddenly. I always travel by plane. He has never been to the theatre. In a main clause or a question not introduced by an 2 notes on interrogative, the pronoun is attracted to the verb and linked to it by a 3 Portuguese hyphen: 4 usage 5 Eu dei-lhe o livro.
As in the previous 5 section, a translation is provided for all examples. Hello, Joana! Por aqui? Fancy meeting you here! Bem-vindo a nossa casa. Welcome to our house. On its own, it implies a longer parting until 9 speakers meet again.
Have a good trip! See you later! B 9 Bye! See you anon, in a minute! B See you later! See you tomorrow! See you the day after tomorrow! B See you next week! B See you next month! B See you next year! Until next time! See you! B, 1 Until we meet again! Good morning! Good afternoon! Bom dia! I prefer the other paper. Good evening. What time is it? It is 8. A cup of coffee and a glass of water.
Attracting 2 Escuta! Pay attention! Estou aqui. I am here. Tanta gente! So many people! This is important. What is this noise? Look here! Listen carefully!
Listen really well to what I have to say! What does this mean? What do you really want? They can be followed by instructions, which are 6 given with a Subjunctive as they have the function of commands. Watch out!
Be careful! A regular snow maiden, with blue eyes, and yellow hair curling on her shoulders, pale and slender , and always carrying herself like a young lady mindful of her manners. What the characters of the four sisters were we will leave to be found out.
Call out these book titles and challenge students to identify the adjectives:. Explain to students that depending on how an adjective is used in a sentence, it can be attributive, predicative, or substantive. An attributive adjective is usually in front of the noun it is describing and gives attributes qualities, characteristics to that noun.
Roslyn adopted an adorable kitten from the animal shelter. A predicative or predicate adjective comes after the verb to be or a linking verb and describes the subject of the sentence.
Abraham Lincoln was eloquent when he spoke at Gettysburg. The missing words are usually nouns like people , men and women , persons , individuals , folks , or citizens. Tell students that like nouns, adjectives can be common ordinary, like big , small , happy , sad , pretty , or ugly or proper from a proper noun.
Proper adjectives are always capitalized, like this:. My favorite foods are Swiss cheese, Belgian chocolates, and Italian pasta. The Chinese fortune cookie predicted Glenn would win the contest, and he did! Laurie memorized three Shakespearean sonnets for English class. Explain to students that every adjective has three forms, called degrees: the positive , comparative , and superlative. We use these forms when comparing nouns. The comparative degree is used to compare two nouns.
For adjectives with one or two syllables, add —er to the adjective. For longer adjectives with two or more syllables, put the word more in front of the adjective.
All pronouns must agree with their antecedents in number, gender, and person. The huge old trees held their own against the storm.
Make sure that the antecedent of a pronoun is clearly stated. Cardonal baked cookies with her daughters, hoping to sell them at the bake sale. Cardonal baked cookies with her daughters, hoping to sell the cookies at the bake sale. An adjective modifies, or describes, a noun or pronoun by providing more information or giving a specific detail.
The smooth surface of the lake gleamed. Frosty trees glistened in the sun. The handmade one seems very colorful. Articles are the adjectives a, an, and the. Articles do not meet the preceding test for adjectives. A proper adjective is formed from a proper noun and begins with a capital letter. Tricia admired the Scottish sweaters.
Our Mexican vacation was memorable. The comparative form of an adjective compares two things or people. The superlative form compares more than two things or people. Form the comparative by adding -er or combining with more or less. Form the superlative by adding -est or combining with most or least. Some adjectives have irregular comparative forms. An adverb modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.
Adverbs tell how, where, when, or to what extent. The cat walked quietly. She thinks quickly. She thinks unusually fast. She seldom thinks fast.
The comparative form of an adverb compares two actions. The superlative form compares more than two actions. For shorter adverbs add -er or -est to form the comparative or superlative. For most adverbs, add more or most or less or least to form the comparative or superlative.
We walked faster than before. They listened most carefully to the final speaker. Avoid double negatives, which are two negative words in the same clause. Prepositions, Conjunctions, and Interjections 1.
A preposition shows the relationship of a noun or a pronoun to some other word. A compound preposition is made up of more than one word. The trees near our house provide plenty of shade. The schools were closed because of snow. Common prepositions include these: about, above, according to, across, after, against, along, among, around, as, at, because of, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, besides, between, beyond, but, by, concerning, down, during, except, for, from, in, inside, in spite of, into, like, near, of, off, on, out, outside, over, past, round, since, through, till, to, toward, under, underneath, until, up, upon, with, within, without.
A conjunction is a word that joins single words or groups of words. A coordinating conjunction joins words or groups of words that have equal grammatical weight. Correlative conjunctions work in pairs to join words and groups of words of equal weight.
A subordinating conjunction joins two clauses in such a way as to make one grammatically dependent on the other. I want to visit the art gallery and the museum. A conjunctive adverb clarifies a relationship. Frank loved the old maple tree; nevertheless, he disliked raking its leaves. An interjection is an unrelated word or phrase that expresses emotion or strong feeling.
Look, there are two cardinals at the feeder. Good grief! Are you kidding? A clause is a group of words that has a subject and a predicate and is used as a sentence or a part of a sentence. There are two types of clauses: main and subordinate. A subordinate clause has a subject and a predicate, but it cannot stand alone as a sentence. She became a veterinarian because she loves animals. There are three types of subordinate clauses: adjective, adverb, and noun.
An adjective clause is a subordinate clause that modifies a noun or pronoun. The wrens that built a nest in the backyard are now raising their young. An adverb clause is a subordinate clause that often modifies the verb in the main clause of the sentence.
It tells when, where, how, why, or under what conditions. Before they got out, the goats broke the fence in several places. A noun clause is a subordinate clause used as a noun. Whatever we do will have to please everyone.
Main and subordinate clauses can form several types of sentences. A simple sentence has only one main clause and no subordinate clauses. A compound sentence has two or more main clauses. A complex sentence has at least one main clause and one or more subordinate clauses. A sentence that makes a statement is classified as a declarative sentence.
An imperative sentence gives a command or makes a request. Please close the door on your way out. An interrogative sentence asks a question. When will the mail carrier arrive? An exclamatory sentence expresses strong emotion. Watch out! What a view that is! Phrases 1.
A phrase is a group of words that acts in a sentence as a single part of speech. A prepositional phrase is a group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun or pronoun, which is called the object of the preposition. A prepositional phrase can act as an adjective or an adverb. The house on the hill is white. An appositive is a noun or pronoun that is placed next to another noun or pronoun to identify it or give more information about it.
An appositive phrase is an appositive plus its modifiers. Our sister Myra is home from college. Her college, Purdue University, is in Indiana. A verbal is a verb form that functions in a sentence as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb. A verbal phrase is a verbal and other words that complete its meaning.
A participle is a verbal that functions as an adjective. Present participles end in -ing. Past participles usually end in -ed. The squeaking floor board gave me away. The twisted tree was ancient. A participial phrase contains a participle and other words that complete its meaning. Moving quickly across the room, the baby crawled toward her mother. A gerund is a verbal that ends in -ing. It is used in the same way a noun is used. Sailing is a traditional vacation activity for the Andersons.
A gerund phrase is a gerund plus any complements or modifiers. Walking to school is common for many school children. An infinitive is a verbal formed from the word to and the base form of a verb.
It is often used as a noun. Because an infinitive acts as a noun, it may be the subject of a sentence or the direct object of an action verb. To sing can be uplifting. An infinitive phrase contains an infinitive plus any complements or modifiers.
The flight attendants prepared to feed the hungry passengers. A verb must agree with its subject in person and number. The kangaroo jumps. In inverted sentences the subject follows the verb. The sentence may begin with a prepositional phrase, the word there or here, or a form of do. Into the pond dove the children. Does a bird have a sense of smell? There is a squeak in that third stair. Do not mistake a word in a prepositional phrase for the subject. The glass in the window is streaked.
The singular verb is agrees with the subject, glass. A title is always singular, even if nouns in the title are plural. Instant World Facts is a helpful reference book. Subjects combined with and or both need a plural verb unless the parts are of a whole unit. When compound subjects are joined with or or nor, the verb agrees with the subject listed last. Canterbury and Coventry have famous cathedrals. A bagel and cream cheese is a filling snack. Either two short stories or a novel is acceptable for your book report.
A verb must agree in number with an indefinite pronoun subject. Indefinite pronouns that are always singular: anybody, anyone, anything, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, neither, nobody, no one, nothing, one, somebody, someone, and something Always plural: both, few, many, others, and several Either singular or plural: all, any, most, none, and some Most of the snow has melted.
All of the children have eaten. The neighbors pitched in, and the job went a lot faster. We ate everything except the crust. They were altogether prepared for a heated discussion. Besides the kitchen, the den is my favorite room. Use among to show a relationship in a group. The joke was between Hilary and Megan. The conversation among the teacher, the principal, and the janitor was friendly.
Use take to show movement from a nearby place to a more distant one. You may bring your model here. Please take a brochure with you when you go. Constance can walk to school.
She may ride the bus if she wishes. Celia chose the purple folder. Use less with nouns that cannot be counted. There were fewer sunny days this year. I see less fog today than I expected. Lydia formerly lived in Spain, but now she lives in New York City. The birds nest in the trees. A bird flew into our window yesterday. Possessive pronouns never have apostrophes.
The dog lives in its own house. We lay the uniforms on the shelves each day. The players lie on the floor to do their sit-ups. Minton will teach French to us next year. Dad will let me go swimming today. I did not want to lose my balance. Use much with nouns that cannot be counted. Many ants were crawling near the anthill. Marly can proceed with her travel plans.
The other kittens were quite playful. Please raise your hand if you would like to help. I left the bread in a warm spot to rise. Set can also be used to describe the sun going down. Please sit in your assigned seats. Set those dishes down.
The sun set at First get comfortable, then look the pitcher right in the eye. The Westons returned to their favorite vacation spot. Theirs is one of the latest models. You may go to the library. It is too cold for skating. There are only two days of vacation left.
Where were you yesterday afternoon? Whose is the possessive form of who. Do you know whose books these are? Capitalize the first word of every sentence, including direct quotations and sentences in parentheses unless they are contained within another sentence. Capitalize the first word in the salutation and closing of a letter. Capitalize the title and name of the person addressed. Always capitalize the pronoun I no matter where it appears in the sentence. Since I knew you were coming, I baked a cake.
Capitalize the following proper nouns: a. Names of individuals, the initials that stand for their names, and titles preceding a name or used instead of a name Governor Cordoba A. Shen Aunt Margaret Dr. Harada General Diaz b. Names and abbreviations of academic degrees, and Jr. Richard Boe, Ph. Sammy Davis Jr. Names of cities, countries, states, continents, bodies of water, sections of the United States, and compass points when they refer to a specific section of the United States Boston Dade County North Carolina Australia Amazon River the South d.
Names of ethnic groups, national groups, political parties and their members, and languages Hispanics Chinese Irish Italian Republican party 5. Capitalize proper adjectives adjectives formed from proper nouns. Use a period at the end of a declarative sentence and at the end of a polite command. Miranda plays tennis every Tuesday. Write your name in the space provided.
Use a question mark at the end of an interrogative sentence. When will the new books arrive? Use an exclamation point to show strong feeling and indicate a forceful command. Oh, no! It was a terrific concert! Use a comma in the following situations: a. To separate three or more words, phrases, or clauses in a series A tent, sleeping bag, and sturdy shoes are essential wilderness camping equipment.
To set off two or more prepositional phrases After the sound of the bell, we realized it was a false alarm. After an introductory participle and an introductory participial phrase Marveling at the sight, we waited to see another shooting star.
After conjunctive adverbs Snow is falling; however, it is turning to sleet. To set off an appositive if it is not essential to the meaning of the sentence Mr. Yoshino, the head of the department, resigned yesterday.
To set off words or phrases of direct address Micha, have you called your brother yet? Between the main clauses of compound sentences Whiskers liked to watch the goldfish, and she sometimes dipped her paw in the bowl.
After an introductory adverb clause and to set off a nonessential adjective clause Whenever we get careless, we always make mistakes.
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